# Chemical Bonding --- ## Introduction Chemical bonding is the foundation of molecular structure and function. It determines how atoms connect to form molecules and how these molecules interact with each other. --- ## Types of Chemical Bonds ### Covalent Bonds - Definition: A covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. - Characteristics: - Strong bonds due to shared electron pairs. - Typically occurs between nonmetal atoms. - Can be single, double, or triple bonds depending on the number of shared electron pairs. - Example: Water (H₂O), where oxygen shares electrons with hydrogen atoms. ### Ionic Bonds - Definition: An ionic bond is formed when one atom donates an electron to another, resulting in two oppositely charged ions that attract each other. - Characteristics: - Occurs between metals and nonmetals. - Resulting compounds are usually crystalline solids with high melting points. - Strong electrostatic attraction between ions. - Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl), where sodium donates an electron to chlorine. ### Polar Covalent Bonds - Definition: A polar covalent bond is a type of covalent bond where the electrons are shared unequally between the two atoms. - Characteristics: - Occurs when atoms have different electronegativities. - Creates a dipole moment (partial positive and negative charges). - Molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, leading to polarity. - Example: Hydrogen chloride (HCl), where chlorine attracts the shared electrons more strongly. ### Nonpolar Covalent Bonds - Definition: A nonpolar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally between the two atoms. - Characteristics: - Occurs between atoms with similar electronegativities. - No significant charge difference across the molecule. - Molecules are generally symmetrical. - Example: Methane (CH₄), where the electron distribution is even. --- ## Lewis Structures ### Concept Lewis structures are a visual representation of the arrangement of electrons in a molecule. They help illustrate how atoms are bonded and show the distribution of valence electrons. ### Key Features - Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols. - Valence electrons are shown as dots around the atomic symbols. - Shared electron pairs (covalent bonds) are depicted as lines between atoms. - Lone pairs (non-bonding electrons) are shown as pairs of dots on individual atoms. ### Example: Lewis Structure of Water (H₂O) ``` H—O—H | .. ``` - Oxygen has two lone pairs of electrons and forms single covalent bonds with each hydrogen atom. --- ## Comparison of Bond Types | Bond Type | Examples | Key Characteristics | | ------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | | Covalent | H₂O, CH₄ | Electron sharing between atoms, strong bonds. | | Ionic | NaCl, MgO | Electrostatic attraction between charged ions. | | Polar Covalent | HCl, NH₃ | Unequal electron sharing, creating partial charges. | | Nonpolar Covalent | O₂, N₂ | Equal electron sharing, no significant charge difference. | --- ## Conclusion Chemical bonds are crucial in determining the structure and properties of molecules. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing, while ionic bonds are based on electrostatic attraction. Polar covalent bonds create molecules with partial charges, and nonpolar covalent bonds result in evenly distributed electron clouds. Lewis structures provide a useful tool for visualizing these bonds and understanding molecular geometry. ---

Biochemistry

Chemical Bonding

Multiple Choice