Cellular Biology

Overview of major organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes) and their specialized functions.

Structure and roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in maintaining cell shape, enabling transport, and facilitating division.

Detailed examination of the plasma membrane, including lipid bilayer dynamics, membrane proteins, and mechanisms of transport.

Mechanisms of cell communication, including receptor-ligand interactions, signal transduction pathways, and secondary messengers.

In-depth study of the cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M), regulatory checkpoints, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Exploration of programmed cell death pathways, regulatory proteins, and the significance of apoptosis in tissue homeostasis.

Mechanisms and types of vesicular transport, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis and exocytosis processes.

Examination of chromatin organization, nucleosome formation, and the regulation of gene accessibility within the nucleus.

Overview of transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic mechanisms that control cellular gene expression.

Connection between cellular metabolism and function, covering glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in context.

Roles of mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plant cells) in energy production, metabolic regulation, and signaling.

Introduction to light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy techniques used to visualize and study cell structures and dynamics.

Methods for cultivating, isolating, and manipulating cells, including both primary cell cultures and established cell lines.

Use of CRISPR, RNA interference, fluorescent tagging, and other molecular techniques to investigate cellular functions.

Study of stem cell biology, differentiation processes, and applications in tissue repair and regenerative medicine.

Insights into oncogenic transformations, tumor microenvironments, and cellular targets for cancer therapy.

Examination of immune cell interactions, cell-mediated immunity, and the cellular basis of immune responses.