Introduction

The perfect tense in German is used to describe actions that have been completed in the past. It is equivalent to the English present perfect ("I have eaten") or simple past ("I ate"). The perfect tense is formed using an auxiliary verb ("haben" or "sein") and the past participle of the main verb.

Auxiliary Verbs in the Perfect Tense

The choice between "haben" and "sein" depends on the type of verb and, in some cases, the context.

1. "Haben" as an Auxiliary Verb

"Haben" is used with most verbs in the perfect tense, especially:

2. "Sein" as an Auxiliary Verb

"Sein" is used with a specific group of verbs, primarily:

Examples and Usage

"Haben" in the Perfect Tense

SubjectVerbPast ParticipleExample Sentence
IchhabengehabtIch habe ein Buch gelesen.
DukaufengekauftDu hast einen neuen Computer gekauft.
Er/Sie/EsspielengespieltEr hat Fußball gespielt.
WirmachengemachtWir haben unsere Hausaufgaben gemacht.
IhrsehengesehenIhr habt den Film gesehen.
Sie/siearbeitengearbeitetSie haben den ganzen Tag gearbeitet.

"Sein" in the Perfect Tense

SubjectVerbPast ParticipleExample Sentence
IchgehengegangenIch bin nach Hause gegangen.
DufahrengefahrenDu bist mit dem Bus gefahren.
Er/Sie/EskommengekommenSie ist spät gekommen.
WirwerdengewordenWir sind müde geworden.
IhrreisengereistIhr seid nach Deutschland gereist.
Sie/siebleibengebliebenSie sind zu Hause geblieben.

Comparison of "Haben" and "Sein"

While "haben" is the default auxiliary for the perfect tense, "sein" is used with verbs that typically imply movement or a change in state. Here’s a quick comparison:

Common Verbs with "Haben" and "Sein"

Verbs That Use "Haben"

Verbs That Use "Sein"

Key Differences Between "Haben" and "Sein"

  1. Motion and Change of State:
    1. Transitive vs. Intransitive:
      1. Reflexive Verbs:
        1. Exceptions and Irregular Verbs:

          Summary

          The perfect tense in German relies heavily on the correct choice of auxiliary verb. Remember:
          By understanding these patterns, you can accurately convey past actions and events in German.
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